Constitutive defences are protective features that a plant maintains continuously, whether or not pests or pathogens are present. They include physical barriers such as bark, waxy cuticles, cell walls, and trichomes, as well as pre-existing defensive chemicals that can deter feeding, inhibit infection, or reduce damage.
Unlike induced defences, which are activated or strengthened after a plant detects damage or attack, constitutive defences are already present and provide an immediate first line of protection.
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