Causation is a relationship in which one factor directly produces a change in another. Demonstrating causation requires evidence that the observed effect results from the proposed cause and not from coincidence, bias, or other uncontrolled variables.
In gardening, establishing causation typically requires controlled experiments that compare treated and untreated plants while keeping other conditions as similar as possible. For example, increasing light may cause faster growth if all other factors remain constant. Simply observing that healthier plants receive more light demonstrates correlation, but not necessarily causation.
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