A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from rational judgment in how people perceive, interpret, and remember information. These biases arise from the brain’s attempt to simplify complex information processing, often relying on mental shortcuts called heuristics.
In everyday decision-making, cognitive biases can lead to consistent errors, such as overvaluing recent information, favoring familiar ideas, or interpreting evidence in ways that confirm existing beliefs. While they can improve speed and efficiency, they often reduce accuracy and objectivity.
Common categories include attentional biases (what we notice), memory biases (what we recall), and decision-making biases (how we choose). These biases operate unconsciously and can influence both minor judgments and significant life decisions.
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